Essay on Synthesis of Aspirin - 5275 Words

The Synthesis of Aspirin Chemistry Standard Level Lab Report Data Collection and Processing and Conclusion and Evaluation Date: December 8th, 2011 Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to synthesize aspirin, determine the theoretical yield, compare the percent yield to the theoretical yield and test the purity of aspirin by adding Iron (III) chloride to the product. Hypothesis: I hypothesize that salicylic acid will react with acetic anhydride to produce acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and acetic acid (vinegar). Variables: Independent and controlled variables: The amount of sulfuric acid used for catalysis and the amount of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Dependent variables: Theoretical and actual yield of†¦show more content†¦The aspirin crystals were washed by pouring 10 mL of water over them through the funnel. The filter paper, holding the aspirin crystals, was removed from the funnel and was left to dry before being weighed. Once the aspirin crystals were weighed, the theoretical yield and the percent yield of the experiment were calculated. The procedure was repeated once more using the same steps. Procedure for the test of purity of aspirin: 0.1 gram of salicylic acid was weighed in a tray and was then added to a test tube containing 2.0 mL of Iron (III) chloride, which was measured using a 10 mL graduated cylinder, to test for phenols. 0.1 gram of commercial aspirin was weighed in a tray and was then added to a second test tube containing 2.0 mL of Iron (III) chloride, which was measured using a 10 mL graduated cylinder, to test for phenols. This was repeated once more to validate results. 0.1 gram of my product from the first trial was weighed in a tray and was then added to a third test tube containing 2.0 mL of Iron (III) chloride, which was measured using a 10 mL graduated cylinder, to test for phenols. This was repeated once more to validate results. 0.1 gram of my product from the second trial was weighed in a tray and was then added to a fourth test tube containing 2.0 mL of Iron (III) chloride, which was measured using a 10 mL graduated cylinder, to test forShow MoreRelatedSynthesis Of Aspirin Synthesis825 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis of Aspirin Erin Chase Arellano CHEM 12A ABSTRACT Acetylsalicylic or most commonly known as Aspirin is made through a combination of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. It is use to relieve mild to moderate pain such as muscle pain, headaches and common cold and reduce fever. The objective of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The purity of aspirin was tested using the ferric chloride test and % yield was also calculated. Below drawingRead MoreSynthesis of Aspirin1618 Words   |  7 Pagesobjective was to convert a specific amount of salicylic acid into the same amount of aspirin that was high in purity. Furthermore, the other objectives were to enable students to conduct the synthesis of aspirin, reinforce skills or recrystallisation and the technique of melting point determination. The amount of each compound should be the same because there is a 1:1 ratio between them. The purity of the synthesized aspirin was measured by determining its melting point and percent yield. Soluble impuritiesRead MoreExperiment : Synthesis Of Aspirin1147 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 6th, 2014 Experiment 5: Synthesis of Aspirin Abstract: In today’s experiment, aspirin was synthesized using salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, a catalyst (concentrated sulfuric acid), and water. The main goal of this experiment was to synthesize pure aspirin. Another goal was to test aspirin’s purity by running a TLC and getting a melting point test done. Also, calculations of the theoretical yield and percent yield were done. The final product (aspirin) percent yield was 18.247% yieldRead MoreThe Synthesis Of Aspirin ( Acetylsalicylic Acid )2045 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This report presents the synthesis of Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), as the product of the reaction of salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride under acidic conditions. Aspirin was purified through recrystallisation by vacuum filtration, followed by desiccation of the Aspirin crystal over silica gel. The percentage yield was calculated as 44.89% and a sample of Aspirin was analysed using infra-red spectroscopy and compared to the spectrum of pure Aspirin, this served as an introduction toRead MoreSynthesis of Aspirin Lab Report2989 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract: The goal of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin. In this experiment aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. In the reaction the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring in salicylic acid reacted with acetic anhydride to form an ester functional group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiateRead MoreSynthesis and Characterization of Aspirin Product Identity and Purity After synthesizing a1000 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis and Characterization of Aspirin Product Identity and Purity After synthesizing a chemical, especially a drug, it is important to confirm the identity and purity of the product. You will perform three tests to examine the identity and purity of the aspirin that you synthesized. One test will detect the presence of leftover salicylic acid in the synthesized aspirin and allow you to determine its concentration. Government regulations stipulate that commercial aspirin must not contain residualRead MoreMicroscale Synthesis of Acetylsalicylic Acid1211 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis of Aspirin Ling Tecson Gamido, Mitchiko Mariel M. Mizukami Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid, or also known as aspirin is known to be a drug that relives people of pain and is commonly used even today. It is synthesized from salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride, both of small quantities. Phosphoric acid was used as a catalyst in the synthesis to speed up the process. Esterification is involved and the final product is aspirin with the presence of acetic acid as the byproduct. In orderRead MorePreparation of Aspirin and Determination of the Melting Point1445 Words   |  6 PagesPREPARATION OF ASPIRIN AND DETERMINATION OF THE MELTING POINT Ferrer, Lara Melissa V. Faculty of Engineering University of Santo Tomas Manila, Philippines ABSTRACT This experiment involved three steps: synthesis of aspirin, isolation and purification, and the estimation of purity of the final product. The synthesis involved the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalyst, phosphoric acid, H3PO4. When the aspirin was prepared, it was isolated and filtered. The percentageRead MoreThe Theory Of Green Chemistry On Microwave Heating Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesObjective The current experiment introduces the concept of green chemistry on microwave heating to synthesise aspirin, instead of using conventional heating methods. Introduction Aspirin synthesis is a popular experiment undertaken in most organic chemistry teaching laboratories (Montes et al., 2006). Most experimental procedures for aspirin synthesis are undertaken to study the carbonyl nucleophilic substitution reactions either under basic or acidic conditions (Polshettiwar and Varma, 2008; VarmaRead MoreThe Synthesis Of A Medicinal Agent Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesThe Synthesis of a Medicinal Agent – Aspirin IDC 3002H – EMWH Dylan Chow 9/14/2016 Abstract: In this experiment, aspirin was synthesized from a reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Acetic anhydride was added to salicylic acid to create a solution and phosphoric acid was added to catalyze the reaction. After the salicylic acid was fully dissolved in a boiling water bath, water would be added to decompose the remaining acetic anhydride. Through the process of filtration, aspirin

Animal Welfare Research Paper Free Essays

Feeding a Pitbull It is suggested that pitbull owners feed their pets the foods that have what the breed requires in nutritional value. The dog food should contain nutrient sources that are similar to that found in their native lands that their ancestors ate. The requirements for a pitbull are a balance of protein, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Welfare Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many dogs are taken to the vet because of nutritional related problems. If the dog is not getting the proper nutrients that their diet requires they can suffer from dry/itchy/flaky skin, hot spots, yeast infections in the ears, or thyroid-liver-kidney problems. The best diet for the pitbull is one that the owner makes fresh, using quality ingredients, without preservatives. Preparing home cooked meals for a dog can be less expensive than buying the average all-breed or any-breed pet food. Native foods for this breed would have been yellow corn, soy meal, rice, venison and fish. Recommended foods for this breed would be foods that contain soy, corn, brown rice, beef and poultry. This breed needs a high fiber and low carbohydrate diet. Avoid feeding this breed foods with a high fat or high starch content. Do not feed this breed any supplemental vitamin C, such as ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, or ascorbal Palmitate because these can cause kidney and liver damage to the breed. The best food for your dog is real food, not people food, but food like real chicken, turkey, beef, bison, venison, lamb, fish, some fruits and vegetables, occasionally yogurt and eggs. Vitamins and best sources Vitamin A Palmitate Vitamin B-1 Thiamine Hcl Yeast Vitamin B-2 Riboflavin Yeast Vitamin B-6 Pyridoxine Hcl Yeast Vitamin B-12 Cyanocobalamin Yeast Vitamin D D-activated Sterol Vitamin E dl-alpha tocopherol acetate Niacinamide Biotin Folic Acid D-Calcium Pantothenate Para Amino Benzoic Acid Minerals and best sources Calcium Bone Meal Copper Gluconate Iodine Sea Kelp Iron Ferrour Fumerate Magnesium Magnesium- Gluconate Manganese Manganese-Gluconate Phosphorus Bone Meal Potassium Potassium-Gluconate Zinc Zinc-Gluconate Habitat There is no such thing as a natural habitat for domesticated dogs such as the terrier breeds, and it would be easier to describe the places where they couldn’t and would have a hard time surviving. Extremely cold places and extremely warm places with no shade can really do some harm to this breed. The basic cage size for an American pitbull terrier would be 36 inches long, 23 inches wide, and 25 inches high. The metal cages are preferred because they can be folded down and stored away when they are not in use. The metal cages also give the dog a 360-degree visual of their surroundings. The plastic cages are more for the puppies and for transporting the dogs. Health Care Hip dysplasia is a serious problem in pitbulls. There were x-rays done of 480 pitbulls and 22% were found to have hip dysplasia. Elbow dysplasia is another serious problem in pitbulls. There were over 100 pitbulls that were x-rayed and 14% were found to have elbow dysplasia. This is the 15th worst rate in 82 breeds. Other orthopedic diseases in pitbulls are luxating patella and osteochondritis. American pitbull terriers have the 4th highest rate for hypothyroidism in 140 breeds. Vets are seeing heart disease in an increasing number of dogs in this breed. Skin problems are very common in this breed and can range from allergies to demodectic mange. Tumors and cancer are also a serious concern with this breed. Eye disease is also very common and can include progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts, and entropion. Inherited deafness can occur within pitbull puppies that have a lot of white on their heads. Depending on the gender of your dog there are many pro’s and con’s to getting these dogs spayed or neutered. Female Pro’s * Spaying prevents the nuisance of heat periods * Spaying prevents uterine infections * Spaying prevents false pregnancies * Spaying prevents real pregnancies Spaying offers partial protection against breast cancer * Spaying prevents cancer of the uterus and ovaries * Spaying may mean lower licensing fees Female Con’s * Spaying doubles the risk of obesity * Spaying increases the risk of the deadly cancer called hemangiosarcoma * Spaying triples the risk of hypothyroidism * Spaying is a major surgery and requires general anesthesia * If done at the wrong age, spaying increases the ris k of hip dysplasia, ligament rupture, osteosarcoma (bone cancer), and urinary incontinence Male Pro’s Neutering may mean lower licensing fees * Neutering reduces leg-lifting * Neutering reduces dominance and aggression * Neutering reduces the risk of your dog being attacked by other male dogs * Neutering helps re-focus your dogs’ attention from other dogs to YOU * Neutering reduces sexual behaviors * Neutering calms you dog around unspayed females * Neutering reduces the risk of prostate disorders * Neutering prevents testicular cancer * Neutering reduces the risk of perianal fistula Neutering helps prevent your dog from breeding Male Con’s * Neutering triples the risk of obesity * Neutering increases the risk of a deadly cancer called hemangiosarcoma * Neutering triples the risk of hypothyroidism * Neutering increases the risk of geriatric cognitive impairment * If done at the wrong age, neutering increases the risk of hip dysplasia, ligament rupture, and osteo sarcoma (bone cancer) Restricted Use: The American Pitbull Terrier breed is one of the most mistreated and misunderstood breed of dog there is. Because of this misinterpretation of the breed many counties, even states, have banned this breed. This is why there are so many of them euthanized or put in kennels. Many people are afraid of this breed because of stories on the news about a dog attack and they automatically assume that it was a pitbull that did it but in reality it was either a golden retriever or a german shepherd that caused the attack. Pitbulls were not bred to be attack dogs, they were bred to be work dogs and then got bred to be family dogs and they are terrific family dogs. How to cite Animal Welfare Research Paper, Essays

Classical And Romantic Eras Of Music Essay Example For Students

Classical And Romantic Eras Of Music Essay Throughout the advancement of these two eras there were a lot of new additions to the music world. After the baroque period composers began to get a sense of individuality and an ability to make a living off of their music. The classical period consisted of composers appealing to the amateur musicians and experienced musicians altogether. The composers began to turn to freelance musicians and ultimately wanted to benefit from their work. This was not the same with the romantic period. Although composers were still very motivated to benefit from their USIA in ever day life, they wanted their music to be easily identified. They wanted you to know who had composed the piece when you heard it and remember that. The harmonies of these two eras were also similar but like the composing role there was a little more that romantic composers wanted out of the music. The harmony was very identifiable in both of these periods and they liked it that way. Classical music harmonies used the major and minor scale and instituted dissonance to add to the piece. We will write a custom essay on Classical And Romantic Eras Of Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They wanted the dissonance to spice the music up a bit in a sense of excitement and suspense. The romantic period harmony was a time where the composers were making the pieces longer. The symphonies of the romantic era are longer than the classical era. The use of harmony in the romantic era also sheered away from the major and minor scale to make the pieces rich in a sense and full of color. There was a lot of experimentation in the romantic era with harmony, instruments, and everything that made up the music. There was a very major sense of Just wondering exactly they could do with all the music, seeing how everything would be if they used it different way. The style of performance was also changed or modified in a sense. During the classical period the audience knew that the music was changing. The audience yearned for the music to be made for a specific type of performer so that performer could give them the very best music of that type. The cadenza was used throughout performances to show the audience the strength of that certain performer. During the romantic period the cadenza piece was written prepared before hand instead of the performer kind of winging it. The romantic period was also a very expanding era through the orchestra. Concert halls were growing so they needed more performing musicians. The style and form of these two eras were vastly similar. The traditional classic form moved on to the romantic era but this was an era for expanding them and in a sense letting them on their own. The form of the romantic period was very free unlike the classical era, which was very balanced. As I mentioned earlier the symphonies were longer and also the addition of the symphonic poem came through the romantic period. These two periods had some of the most prolific composers in musical history. The three main composers from the classical era are widely known: Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Haydn was one of the most talented composers of this nine lineup. The Austrian composed for Prince Strachey for thirty years and lived out a long life. Haydn did very well with the symphony and the string quartet for starters. Classical And Romantic Eras Of Music By weatherman The major surprising and emphasized part of the piece is when the loud chord comes crashing down through a mainly calm piece before then. This is a large part of the classical era with a sense of surprise and having a piece people wanted to be able to distinguish. Mozart was another major music fugue from this era. Mozart is very underrated in my opinion or more overshadowed. Being a child prodigy already had everything in place for Mozart who continued the excellence into adulthood. .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd , .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .postImageUrl , .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd , .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd:hover , .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd:visited , .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd:active { border:0!important; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd:active , .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14ed48af18121b07c23eedd2f0b34ecd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music vs Sport, a Superflous Rivalary EssayThe amount of passion and work Mozart put into his pieces brings me to his Symphony No. 40 in G Minor. It is a very good symphony when it comes to the classical period speed. It is a quicker symphony that has a nice accompaniment of instruments with it to continue a steady rhythm. The last major composer of the classical period I want to point out is Beethoven. I have known about Beethoven from a young age when I learned to play piano and have always had the utmost respect. The perfectionist attitude and hard work Beethoven put into his work was incredible. The piece that he completed called Ode to JOY was a very perfect example of classical era music. A consistent chord and note for a strong rhythm. As the piece progresses there are harder and more emphasized notes that give it its uniqueness. Moving onto the romantic period the composers that I personally would highlight are: Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, and Giaconda Puccini. Schubert was a major workhorse who produced hundreds of pieces. All of his pieces have a mass amount of moods instituted into them, which is also a big part of romantic music. Die Foreleg was Schubert piece that was very important of this era. The use of nature and a simpler piece make this piece very romantic era. The sense of not using balance and proportion anymore like in the classical era was huge for the romantic era. Robert Schumann was a very good writer, which I believe, also fueled his talent in music history. The emotional nature of his pieces is a big reason why he is part of the romantic era. Reconnaissance is his piece that I really enjoy in the simplicity and emotion that is put into the piece. The repeated notes that make the piece unique are consistent and make the listener feel the emotions of the piece. Puccini, who took over the role of the most important Italian opera composer, hugely showed his talents on the opera scene. Making the opera a more individual sense like everyday people was a big fuel of his popularity. Gaining fortune from his play Mammon Leaches, he became even better known after La Bohemia. The plot of this opera is held very dear to the audience throughout. The sense of this play being Just like the Romeo and Juliet plot that everyone had a soft spot for. The simplicity of his operas was a major factor that kept him successful and a big part of the romantic period too.

The Progressive Era Essay Sample free essay sample

The Progressive Era. at its most progressive clip in history. 1900-1918 The Progressive came from a long tradition of middle-class people with a strong sense of societal responsibility to the hapless. The societal high-ups wherein aristocratic. native stock was at the top and the hapless along with the darker skinned were at the underside. was accepted by the group. But enacted in their function as privileged members of society was a certain grade of duty for the less fortunate ( Txt Wikipedia Encyclopedia Progressive country ) . Turning up in this societal category. Eleanor Roosevelt remarked. â€Å"In that society you were sort of hapless. you didn’t beneficent responsibilities. you assisted the infirmaries and did something for the needy. † The progressive epoch is alone in that this impulse spread to further an across-the-board temper and consequence for reform. From husbandmans to politicians. the demand for alteration and for direct duty for the country’s a ilments became paramount and spread from societal service to news media. We will write a custom essay sample on The Progressive Era Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During his presidential term Theodore Roosevelt commented on the demand: â€Å"No strict regulation can be laid down every bit to the manner in which such work [ Reform ] must be done. But most surely everyman. whatever his place should endeavor to make it in some manner and to some grade. † ( Theodor Roosevelt ) The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era consisted of of import motions of our clip. these motions challenged traditional relationships and attitudes affecting working conditions. unregulated industrial developments to call a few. Rather than trust on traditional Partisan Politics progressive reform began at the local and province degrees. They believe that industrialisation and urbanisation had produced serious societal upsets ; they sought to accomplish societal order through organisation. Industrial growing affected factory workers straight. 60 per centum of male staff of life victors made less than a life pay. endurance needed adult females and kids to work in lowest paid and exploited places. The United States had the highest rate of industrial accidents. Half a million workers were injured and 30. 000 killed each twelvemonth at work. Progressive Protestant curates introduced spiritual moralss into industrial dealingss. Known as the Social Gospel motion. to appeal to churches in a manner to run into their spiritual societal duty. By associating the Gospel motion it gave progressivism a powerful moral thrust. Economists rejected larssez-faire rules in favour of State action to carry through societal development ( page 581 ) . Journalists besides spread reform thoughts by developing a new signifier of fact-finding describing known as â€Å"muckraking. †President Theodore Roosevelt praised the â€Å"Gospel of efficiency. † He admired the corporations in using direction techniques to steer economic growing ( page 582 ) . The American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) claimed 4 million members by 1920. enrolling skilled workers native-born white males. A more extremist brotherhood tried to form mineworkers. lumbermans. Mexican and Nipponese farm workers in the West. The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) known as â€Å"wobbies† used sit-down work stoppages. sit-ins. and aggregate mass meetings. these tactics where adopted by other industrial brotherhoods in the 1930’s and the civil rights motion in the 1960’s. Women reformists and their organisations played a cardinal function in progressivism. They responded non simply to human agony but besides to related alterations to their ain position and function. Women besides joined or created other organisations that pushed beyond the bounds of traditions. The spearheads for societal reform were colony houses. Soon colony workers saw that the root of the job for immigrants was widespread poorness. Crusades for sanitation and lodging reform demonstrated the impact that societal reformists frequently had on urban life. Settlement workers ab initio undertook private attempts to better society finally they concluded thatlone authorities intercession could accomplish societal justness. Social reformists besides lobbied for Torahs modulating rewards. hours. and working conditions of adult females and succeeded in holding provinces from New York to Oregon base on balls maximum-hours statute law. The National Child Labor Committee was organized in 1904 to restrict kid labour. most had no minimal on the job age boulder clay 1914. Protective statute law for adult females posed a distressing issue for reformists. Progressive Era lawgivers adopted limited protective statute law which measures reflecting belief that adult females needed paternalist protection. this excluded them from certain businesss. established a minimal pay for adult females which was normally below degree subsistence rates. this was to reenforce women’s low-level topographic point in the labour force. Social Justice Reformers forged the beginnings of the public assistance province in farther statute law. Compared to the societal insurance plans in the Western Europe. nevertheless. these were lame responses to the societal effects of industrialisation. Proposals for wellness insurance. unemployment insurance. and old age pension plans went nowhere. Between 1880 and 1920 things like kindergartens. age-gr aded simple schools. professional preparation for instructors. vocational instruction. parent-teacher associations and school nurses became standard elements in American instruction. Public instruction in the South lagged behind the North. Northern philanthropic gift and southern reformists brought some betterments after 1900. Although most imperfects focused on the metropolis. others sought to reform rural life. both to overhaul its societal and economic conditions and to incorporate it more to the full into the larger society. Agricultural scientists. authorities functionaries. and many concern involvement besides sought to advance efficient. scientific. and commercial agribusiness. Rural people were drawn into the larger urban-industrial society during the Progressive Era. Government bureaus. agricultural colleges. and railwaies and Bankss steadily tied husbandmans to urban markets. Telephones and rural free bringing of mail lessened countryside isolation. Moral reform motions such as commanding immigrants. prohibition. stamp downing harlotry. black activism to call a few. frequently looking misguided or unduly coercive today. reflected the progressive hope to protect people in a debilitating environment. These attempts to determine society tended toward societal control. these attempts frequently meshed with the restrictive attitudes that conservative Americans held approximately race. faith. in-migration. and morality. Progressivism had its sarcasms and paradoxes it called for democratic reforms but helped disenfranchise black Southerners and northern immigrants. recommending societal justness but frequently implemented societal control. it endorsed ordinance of concern in the public involvement but forged regulative Torahs and committees that tended to assistance concern. The success and failure of progressivism revealed that the nature of political relations and authorities had changed significantly. The Great War would expose many of the restrictions of progressivism and the naivete of the progressives’ optimism. The outgrowth of an activist presidential term. capable of developing plans. mobilising public sentiment. and directing Congress. and taking forceful action. epitomized this key development. these of import characteristics would be important when the state fought World War 1.

Transitive Twist on Agree

Transitive Twist on Agree Transitive Twist on â€Å"Agree† Transitive Twist on â€Å"Agree† By Maeve Maddox A DWT reader wonders about the following uses of the verb agree in a British publication: In a November white paper laying out its vision for independence, Scotland said it would expect to agree a mechanism with London, whereby it would gradually refinance its share of the UKs debt as gilts matured. Under the proposed legislation, the US would place even tougher international restrictions on Iranian oil exports if it fails to agree a final nuclear deal over the next six months. Says the reader, In both, agree is used without a preposition following it. To my Canadian ears, this sounds odd. Is this a chiefly British use or did I simply miss that grammar class? When must one use a preposition with agree and when is it best avoided? Until this reader pointed it out, I’d never noticed this usage. A cursory web search leads me to believe that it is an aberration of British English and may be creeping into American usage by way of journalists who cover European news for the international market. I found this naked agree in respected British publications: Blackberry and Foxconn agree a five-year deal BBC News Business Arsenal manager Arsene Wenger could agree a new three-year contract as early as this week as Stan Kroenke jets in to London The Independent Belfast pub bosses quit over a failure to agree lease Belfast Telegraph I found the usage on a British banking site: Agreeing a formal overdraft is fee free and keeping within your limit is a cost-effective way to manage your account. Agree your overdraft limit in advance. It occurs in a headline about U.S. affairs at an international news site: Democrat and Republican negotiators agree a new spending bill to put before Congress Euronews And it occurs at Forbes.com in a headline over an article written by a European correspondent: Time For ECB To Agree A New Plan For  Cyprus It has even found its way into the OED in a quotation from 2007: This does not stop retrials being ordered where the jury has failed to agree a verdict. C. Elliott F. Quinn Eng. Legal Syst. (ed. 8) iv. xxiv. 549. I find this usage not only odd, but extremely disagreeable. For me, agree is an intransitive verb. It does not take an object. A jury agrees on a verdict. Friends agree with each other. Countries agree to a plan. So far, the transitive usage that has countries â€Å"agree plans† and bank customers â€Å"agree overdraft limits† is distinctly British usage. May it remain so. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†English Grammar 101: Verb MoodDrama vs. Melodrama

How to Use Pathos in a Persuasive Essay

How to Use Pathos in a Persuasive Essay How to Use Pathos in a Persuasive Essay When it comes to writing, a persuasive essay is geared towards positing arguments that will convince your audience that your views and ideas are valid and should be accepted. Of course, your arguments must be strong enough to convince and groundbreaking to reason with people’s opinions. It means that here a form of data submission plays an important role and you must present statements in a persuasive manner. You can do this through three main techniques, and they include ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos simply means the concept of convincing people through authoritative stats or experienced and well-known people. This stems from the fact that we tend to believe and agree with the ones who we respect much and trust their judgments. Logos means persuasion based on the unaided power of human reason. Human reasoning is used as the main concept, as the audience is called to deeply consider the idea posited, so as to confirm its veracity with both inductive and deductive reasoning. But the main concept that must be mentioned is pathos. It presupposes using an appeal to emotions to get the reader to believe in what you write. Here, the core persuasion lies on the emotional side of people’s minds and the choice of language. However, this seems to be the most difficult, as you have to find out what the audience is emotionally attached to. When you do, you put them in that mood so that all the ideas you posit will be well received by them. The in-thing here is that you must have a good knowledge of the psychology of the human mind in general and that of the audience in particular. With this, you can work on their psyche to make them either very angry towards a circumstance or very happy as the case may be. This has many options that can make it fly. Creating a feeling of shame, or lack of it, kindness or lack of it or even emulation can go a long way in making people pay attention to your arguments and discuss them. This is actually the most used method for persuasive writing in religion and politics. It is based on the saying that â€Å"in a two horse race, emotion wins the argument instead of reason.† You use the pathos method to invoke some level of sympathy from the audience, based on anger and calmness, friendship and enmity, shame and shamelessness, pity and indignation, kindness and unkindness, envy and emulation, etc. When you want to pose an argument in the pathos manner, you have to know what their state or mind of audience is, where their emotions are directed and why they feel the way they do. When you set out to ague, make use of rhetorical and stylistic devices, choose the best and most appropriate words, make the rightful delivery with proper tones, volume and speed, use metaphor and try to tell a story. You must also use the right frame of mind. Be authentic, don’t sound unreal and be human in the argument. For instance, you can campaign for an elective post by expanding about people dying because of bad governance. In terms of advertisements, it can involve making people feel empathy for animals and animal rights group by showing images of abused animals. As you can see, there are many ways to use pathos in persuasive paper writing and it will surely be beneficial for you arguments. Make appeal to emotions and your essay will be extremely convincing!

Fair Values in Accounting for Financial Instruments Assignment - 1

Fair Values in Accounting for Financial Instruments - Assignment Example AASB 139 defines a fair value as â€Å"the amount for which a liability or an asset may be exchanged between willing and knowledgeable parties in an arms length business deal†. Therefore, fair value accounting is a financial measurement of liabilities and assets of a company at fair value (Kemp, 2005, pp. 1-2). As a consequence of the synchronization of international accounting standards and additional disclosure requirements regarding risk and volatility, companies are changing from historical cost accounting to fair value accounting. Fair value accounting provides the users of financial statements present economic state of affairs of a company and presents a better manifestation of market values liabilities and assets, and consequently, the actual company’s worth. The companys financial statements become more relevant and useful in the marketplace for decision-making. In addition, fair value shows changes in economic conditions; thus, application of fair value for all financial assets allows investors to obtain a fairer and truer view of the actual financial situation of a company (Ryan, 2008, pp.3-4). Fair value accounting offers more comparable, accurate and timely information to investors and reflects recent information regarding future cash flows. Furthermore, in view of the fact that fair value reveals current conditions of the market, it offers comparability of the financial instruments value purchased at dissimilar times in determining the risks and value of financial instruments range (Landsman, 2006, pp.4-5) Fair value accounting also comprises of the significance and probability of all promising future cash flows and brings up to date the sharing of cash flows in future for fresh information regularly. Consequently, stakeholders and capital providers become more up to date when there is an adverse sharing of cash flows in future. Fair value accounting

Marketing Management. Fast food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Management. Fast food - Assignment Example In Canada fast food restaurant include Boston Pizza, Tim Horton and Swiss Chalet. In the UK fast food restaurants include included Easy Pizza, and Pizza Express. In this market the restaurant form chains which are in most cases centrally controlled, this restaurants have been criticised in the past that excess consumption of these foods will lead to obesity, the direct advertisements to children, the reduction of local cuisines and their lack to provide employment. Consumer behaviour is changing and the fast food industry is loosing market share to other restaurants that produce expensive meals to consumers, also the campaign against the consumption of these fast foods has led to a decrease in consumption. Advertising in the fast food restaurant is through television commercials, the print media, billboards and events sponsoring. Recently this food restaurant are now changing to internet advertising due to increased criticisms on television and media, Branding includes clothing, direct signs and posters. McDonald has sponsored the Olympic Games, FIFA world cup and NASCAR teams. Advertising plays a major role in marketing a product; advertising informs consumers on existing products, communicates the information about a product, stimulates the distribution of a product, increases product usage and finally builds brand preferences and loyalty through constant and consistent promotional campaigns. Fast food advertising in 2001 amounted to 635 million dollars for McDonald, 298 million dollars for Burger King, 179 million dollars for Tacos Bell and 148 million dollars for Pizza Hut. (http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/pdf/1479-5868-1-3.pdf) According to the fast food industry statistics the fast food industry is losing popularity due the constant campaigns, the campaigns are usually based on the fact that the food they produce cause obesity, the advertisement of junk food to children and this has led to countries introducing strict limitation on fast food advertisement and this has made them to advertise through the internet as an alternative to reach their customers. We there fore analyse the MacDonald restaurant to view their strategic planning on market throughout its historical development from a small restaurant to a multinational restaurant. Mc Donald Fast Food Restaurant. Mc Donald is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. It has dominated the American market and the rest of the world. The restaurant has many branches all over the world and they are similar in their services, staff uniform, menu, packaging and services with a smile. The principle of this restaurant is efficiency, calculability, uniformity and control through automation. It was founded in 1940 by Dick and Mac McDonald. This company has branches in 199 countries and serves close to 5 million customers dairy. In 2005 report, the company had a total of 45,777 employees, in the same year total revenue amounted to 20.466 billion US dollars and the net income to the restaurant amounted to 2.602 billion US dollars. The volume of food used every year are 32,000 tonnes of beef, 21,500 tonnes of chicken, 100 million eggs and 7,250 tonnes of cheese just to mention a few. Mc Donald and Dick ventured into the food business in 1937 by opening a hotdog stand in Arcadia California, they later expanded their business and in 1940

Imagination in Romantic Poetry Essay Example for Free

Imagination in Romantic Poetry Essay A large part of those extracts on Romantic imagination which are contained in the fascicule on pages D64 and D65 – are strictly related to an ancient theory about Art and Reality’s imitation, the Theory of Forms concieved by a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician Plato in Greek: ÃŽ  ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½, Plà ¡tÃ… n, broad; from 424/423 BC to 348/347 BC. The Theory of Forms in Greek: á ¼ °ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ typically refers to the belief expressed by Socrates in some of Platos dialogues, that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world, but only an image or copy of the real world. Socrates spoke of forms in formulating a solution to the problem of universals. The forms, according to Socrates, are roughly speaking archetypes or abstract representations of the many types of things, and properties we feel and see around us, that can only be perceived by reason in Greek: ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® that is, they are universals. In other words, Socrates sometimes seems to recognise two worlds: the Apparent world, which constantly changes, and an unchanging and unseen world of forms, which may be a cause of what is apparent. This theory is proposed in different ways in Blake’s, Coleridge’s Shelley’s extracts. The former says that â€Å"This world of Imagination is the world of Eternity† (A Vision of the Last Judgement, 1810) a place which resembles to a sort of otherworldly realm where â€Å"Exist [] the Permanent Realities of Every Thing (the Form) which we see reflected in this Vegetable Glass of Nature (the Apparent world)†. A similar thing is exposed by Samuel Coleridge an english romantic poet who divides Imagination in Primary and Secondary. The former is â€Å"the living Power and prime Agent of all human Perception, and as a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite†, the latter is an echo of the former who â€Å"dissolves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to re-create† (Biographia Literaria, 1817) a thing which is totally different from Fancy. Even in Shelley the poetry is presented as â€Å"something of divine [] not like reasoning† (A Defence of Poetry, 1821) which beholds as the poet, the present, the past, and the future. In Keats and Wordsworth the poetry became â€Å"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings [originating] from emotion recollected in tranquillity† (Preface to Lyrical Ballads) and the poet â€Å"the most unpoetical of any thing in existence; because he has no Identity† (A Letter to Richard Woodhouse, October 27th 1818). So Art is imitation, a feature of both of Platos theories. In the Republic, Plato says that art imitates the objects and events of ordinary life. In other words, a work of art is a copy of a copy of a Form. It is even more of an illusion than is ordinary experience. On this theory, works of art are at best entertainment, and at worst a delusion. This theory actually appears in Platos short early dialogue, the Ion. Socrates is questioning a poet named Ion, who recites Homers poetry brilliantly but is no good at reciting anything else. Socrates is puzzled by this; it seems to him that if Ion has an art, or skill, of reciting poetry he should be able to apply his skilled knowledge to other poets as well. He concludes that Ion doesnt really possess skilled knowledge. Rather, when he recites Homer, he must be inspired by a god. The Ion drips with sarcasm. Plato didnt take the art by divine inspiration theory very seriously. But many ancient, medieval, and modern artists and aestheticians have found it irresistible.

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- The Lottery Essays

â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson has been criticized, but its longevity and durability prove it stands the test of time. In the article, â€Å"Jackson’s The Lottery,† the author A.R. Coulthard finds a deeper meaning in the story which other critics have not. Coulthard believes the story is a â€Å"parable of the evil inherent in human nature† rather than â€Å"an assault on mindless cultural conformity,† as other critics have suggested (Coulthard 226). Coulthard shows how something that most likely began as a primitive and ignorant way to ensure prosperity, evolved into a complete need for sanctioned violence and murder. Coulthard offers valid points to support her argument. Coulthard finds that the actions and demeanor of the villagers are evidence of an underlying enjoyment in the killing. Her analysis shows that the villagers mask their anticipation for the killing under false and thinly veiled social gestures. Coulthard points out the contrast between Mrs. Delacroix and Tessie Hutchinson’s social friendship and how quickly the shallow friendship unravels when Tessie is chosen for the sacrifice. Mrs. Delacroix â€Å"selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands,† which is in stark contrast to how a true friend would behave (Jackson 393). Participation in the lottery causes the villagers to lose the ability to be empathetic and their bonds of family and friendship suffer for it. The lottery encourages them to abandon ties of love and loyalty and tap into the deepest recesses of the darkness that hides in humanity. The lottery does not offer them prosperity, but strips them of all that is good in humanity. The villagers are masked behind the evil that awaits them each year on a sunny day in June. The other 364 da... ...kill too much to mourn inconsequential losses like love, friendship and the bonds of family, community, and humanity. Works Cited Coulthard, A.R. "Jackson's THE LOTTERY." Explicator 48.3 (1990): 226. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Oct. 2010. Jackson, Shirley. â€Å"The Lottery† The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 8th ed. Compact. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 387-393. Print. Jackson, Shirley. "The Morning of June 28, 1948, and â€Å"The Lottery† "The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 8th ed. Compact. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 950-952. Print.

Does Gender or Sexuality Affect a Young Person’s Transition to Adulthood Essay

In this essay there will be a discussion about whether or gender effects the transition to adulthood. There will be a brief definition of gender and transition. There has been great debate over gender but there has been little about masculinity and femininity and the transition to adulthood. It will look at the transitions that gender goes through in relation to that of the past and present day. Then which will be compared if they have changed or continuously stayed the same. There will be theoretical discussion of the psychoanalytic and biosocial theory and how this helps us to understand if gender effects the transitions to adulthood. Being in school and going into the workforce will be examples of how these theories can be applied and explain again if the transitions to adulthood are effect by gender. Then to finished there will be a conclusion. When we think of gender we normal think of the sex of the person, so whether they are female or male. According to Mackenzie (2001:150) gender â€Å"relates to social divisions associated with notions of masculinity and femininity and such divisions vary according to changing contexts†. But is it as simple as this?! Gender is not just determined by whether you are male or female; it is a lot deeper than that as has a variety of aspects. These are gender assignment, gender role, gender identity and gender attribution. To become an adult there is considered to be five core transitions that a young person goes through. These are leaving home, completing school, entering the workforce, marriage and having children. This process is prolonged and varied compared to that of half a century ago. In comparison to then it takes longer for young adults to gain economic and psychological autonomy. According to Berlin et al (2010:20) â€Å" experiences in early adulthood now vary greatly b y gender, race, ethnicity and social class. In industrial society’s most men make the transition to adulthood by be able to go out and work. In comparison to some world cultures who make their transition through rituals. However, the passage form boy to man has become more complicated and hard to determine, which has cause issues which they are not mentally and physically prepared for flood et al(2007:666). Today there is contradiction and problems in relation to what it is to be a man is on the upraise and this is practically noticeable where there has been conflict, for example, in Northern Ireland (ibid). In Northern Ireland there is a tradition for men to live up the masculinity that was presented by other before them which has put pressure of the youths to be just the same. The homicide rates between 1969 to 2001 are a reflection of the phenomena that is associated with the transition of youth into adulthood and violence. There has been more studies on the gender norms is not new however there is significant difference in the amount of research on female and males. Morgan 1981 argues that ‘taking gender seriously’ means bring men back in. he stresses that if we accept that men is not the norm women the deviation and if we want to fully understand the life experiences and chances of all men and women we need to consider the social construction of both femininity and masculinity and focus our research and women and men experiences†. Marchbank& Letherby( 2007:28) . Although it was not until the 20th century that subcultures were recognised as male due to the youth movement but still masculinity was not studied flood et all (2007:666). It is the belief of feminist that males disempowered women, according to McKinnon that there is system of power in which male dominances that oppresses women. Therefore, masculinity was seen as a problem. (Mackinnon, C. (1993) However Hearn argues that â €Å"In particular, it refers to the way in which particular forms of masculinity persist not just in relation to femininity, but also to other forms of masculinity. Accordingly, different forms of masculinity exist in relations of power, that may be characterized as hegemonic or subordinated in relation to one another† Bagihole &cross (2002: 208). This suggests the men are not only oppressors of women but of other men. Men and female are different in respect to the gender roles in which they adopt. Naturally men are more strong, aggressive and emotionally detached compared to females who nurturing and caring. However, the family play’s is significant in terms of gender and the transition to adult. The family are the first interaction that the child will have and this is where the main socialisation occurs. They will learn the norms, values and morals form their family In the 1950’s and 1960’s the family role and adult responsibility were viewed as bring synonymous. Men were characterized by the capability to marry and support the family. Whereas, it was getting married and becoming a mother for women. By the age of twenty one woman was married and had a child by the age they was twenty three. This suggests that by the age twenty that men and women were recognised as adults. In the 20th century there was not much relevance’s of when adolescence was, but in their late teen ’s men worked and most of them had formed families. Transitions to adulthood were similar today and just before the industrialization because like then becoming and adult was a gradual and characterized by â€Å"semi-autonomy† with youths waiting until they were economically stable to set up a home. Eagly (1987) social role theory looks at two structural aspects of gender relations. These are the gendered divisions of labour and gendered based hierarchy. This theory demonstrates how these factors pin down the beliefs that society has about men and women. It shows hoe roles of individuals require particular traits and behaviour in order to be seen competent of their gender. Society for example has the idea that women have to be the child bearer and a process the child rearing traits. This is due to the biological reproduction that they have. The theory believes that due to the role segregation it encourages set beliefs and stereotype. This can be seen with the traits associated with each gender. Males are expected to be aggressive, brave, breadwinner and physical able. Whereas, in terms of female they are considered to be caring and nurturing due to their child rearing traits. The gendered stereotypes are reinforced by the status differences of men and women. There appears to be a link between divisions of labour and hierarchy. It is said that makes roles carry more importance and statuses compared to those of females. Home rearing is considered to be of low status compared to that of males who are of high statuses and bring money in. This suggests that stereotypes towards gender reflect upon the status of their traditional roles. It was Freud psychoanalytic theory that looks at the idea that biological factors and the social environment as defining influences of a child’s gender role development. Freud believed the gender role developed in the phallic stage, the child will experience a biological based attachment for the parent of the opposite gender. It was the belief of Freud that it was due the child’s identification with the same gender that resulted in gender role development. The theory helps to explain the reason why boys and girls act in certain ways. Freud stated† that boys are more motivated then girls acquire a more define gender role† Lowu (2007:291) there will is more define because of social pressures. According to money and ehrhardt (1972) biosocial theory there are specific events that determine a person gender role. Almost from the minute that the parent’s find out the sex of the child they will treat the child according to their gender. For example, if the sex of the child is a boy then the colour that the parent will dress them is typically blue and pink if it is a girl. The environment in which the child lives in is also determined by their gender. According to jones (2009:81) the colours that the parents pick shows masculinity or femininity. Therefore as there is this assumption then this affects the clothes, activities and toys they are encouraged to do, this would suggest that each gender are encourage to go down a particular path. The colours that the parents pick shows masculinity or femininity. Therefore as there is this assumption then this affects the clothes, activities and toys they are encouraged to do, this would suggest that each gender are encourage to go down a particular path This then in term may affect the way in which they portray themselves as young adolescents in school. Most girls fine this transition from youth to adolescence quiet difficult, most girls will portray themselves in a way to which they will achieve male approval, this is more easy for those of the popular group. This allows more opportunity for this type of grills to put them at rick and in dangerous situation as they are portraying an older sexuality. According to Woods (1994:32) state â€Å"that women are portrayed as women as sex objects who are usually young, thin beautiful, passive, dependent, and often incompetent and dumb. Female characters devote their primary energies to improving their appearances and taking care of homes and people†. If this is the image that is being injected in the youth minds then it is likely that this is how they will behaviour as they enter into a relationship. This can be seen as negative thing in the eyes of feminists as they beleive that women are oppressed by men. However, if they are raised the same way they have been parents were raised then this would be considered the norm. However, those who were not part of the in crowd reject the notion that there body was for the desire of men only. They opted for the comfy culture rather than the ‘tarty’ look. At this age there is a lot of images that young people will be surround by the media. As mentioned before there is the portrayal of ideal women all over the media, it this girl both in the popular crowds and none popular crowds can have an effect on the transition to adulthood. These images will allow the young girls to think that they have to look a certain way in order to be desire by males (Renold. E. (2005) This may resul t in it effecting there health as they may develop an eating disorder to get their desire look. This could be detrimental their ability to have a family in the future. This suggests that they will not meet one of the five core traditions. In comparison males transitions to adulthood by building on hierarchy among there group. A way that they do this is via showing there masculinity by taking up sports, this will be were all the hierarchy ranking will take place. If they have a problem they will generally solve their issue by fighting this results in them protecting their man hood. Whereas with girls if they have an issues with other then this will go on for a period of time ( Goodwin 2006) Another transition that men and women have is going to full time work. This can be a hard transition to adjust to as being a young adolescence most of the time does not mean having the responsibility of a full time job. Especially for women as they will also have to consider with the right time to have a family is. A problem with this is that they will have to a battle for equal pay. The equal pay act was not introduced till 1947 and was a direct change due to the changing roles of women in society. This means that men and women will receive the same amount of pay for the same job. As well as this, they can apply for the same position in a job regardless of where it is in the hierarchy. However, saying this and it being put into action is different. Still today there is a debate about men and women’s pay. If a man and women go for the same job it is more likely that the man will be given the job. A reason for this may be that if a women has ring her finger the employer will take into account that there is a high chance she will want a family. This mean that they would have to pay for maternity leave,whereas will a man this would not be the case. It is the believed that there is â€Å"An important part of this cultural change comes from providing better information to employees and to shareholders on a company’s record on equal pay and employment,† (www.guardian.co.uk) This may affect the way women transition into the workforce, this is because they may be put of the idea of career as they may feel what’s the point working at the same level as men only to receive less pay then them. To conclude it would suggest that gender does have a effect on the transition to adulthood. It is apparent that the way in which gender transitions in the past was based on the idea of the men being the bread winner and the female the child bearer. However this has seemed to change as time has moved on. The different theories look at the transition from different points of view but all suggest that gender does affect the transition. It will appear that girls more than more have a tougher time making the transition due to surrounding influences in society.

A Soldier’s Conviction

You people must know that the life of army personnel is not an easy job. Our fingers bleed with the thorns of the branches that give us roses. We pay the penalties for the benefits that we accrue as army personals. The foremost reason for which I joined the army is the gift of honor and dignity that this job gives to the soldiers.From time immemorial nations distribute these gifts to the men who lay their lives for the sake of the glory of their country and for the safety and protection of the lives and wealth of their countrymen. I desired that gift and so I joined the army. I got it.My family has to bear the pangs of separation from me. Though they don’t work for the army but they suffer because I work for the army. The nature of my work takes me away from them for days on end.My son is just five years old, he loves me and feels proud of me for being an army personnel, but he wants to spend a great deal of time with her mother that she cannot afford for being an army personn el. He hates bad guys because he thinks that they are the reasons for which armies are given birth in this world.In army, people are not allowed to choose their dating partners of their will and liking. The routine of their job forbids them from doing so. My job doesn’t allow me to date with a civilian as he is not able to understand the hardships, problems and tight schedules of army life.We don’t have a big deal of spare time to spend in understanding our intended life-partners or friends. We are required to be ever ready to move at any time to any place.In this job we see people dying, wounded, brutally massacred and killed. These horrible scenes strongly affect our sensibilities and we suffer spiritually and mentally because of them. This job provokes us to mistrust the people and be ready for the worst. I have to follow so much rules and regulations in this life that I feel like a robot. I am so trained that I cannot mix and talk freely with the civilians.Yes, if you want job security and stability you can have it in army. It is a fact that now a days, in civilian jobs; people are sacked from the jobs on petty issues and small mistakes. In army we enjoy the stability of the job, as government stands guarantee, and we don’t fear that we might be kicked out on trifles.No doubt we, the soldiers, are made strong physically and mentally. I can dare to challenge anything in life because I am a soldier. We feel proud that we can be part of history by serving in operations. Take my example; I am a part of the history as serving in the operations against the Iraqi freedom AOR.My job made me eligible for many benefits such as low or zero markups on many different kinds of loans, many discounts and very attractive insurance policies. I get many traveling, dining and hoteling benefits. I enjoy many holidays here. My health is well taken care of for being army personnel. It is not just that they send you out in the field to die a dog’s deat h. They care you very well in the field as well as out of the field.No doubt army serves you well but disturbs you as well. Â  

Tips for Understanding Spoken French

Tips for Understanding Spoken French There are dozens of French phonetics exercises  for letters, words and expressions on ThoughtCo.com. Entries on these exercises lead to pages with  more and more detailed explanations, so keep on clicking through when prompted. They can be excellent resources for learning the basics of understanding spoken French. Also highly recommended are  the many  self-study French audio magazines and audiobooks  on the market. These tools contain extensive longer texts with audio files and English translations that are excellent resources for understanding spoken French. For either phonetics lessons or French audio magazines and books, will you get better results if you listen first and then read the words, or is it better to listen and read at the same time? In fact, both of these methods are fine; its just a matter of deciding which one works best for you. Weve thought about how to make this process most effective and offer a few ideas here aimed at helping you make the most of audio exercises. Each of the sites oral exercises includes at a minimum a sound file and a translation. There are a few possible scenarios for using these to boost your oral comprehension; its up to you to decide which one to adopt. 1. Listen First If you want to test your aural comprehension and/or you feel comfortable with your listening skills, listen to the sound file one or more times  to see how much you understand. Then to fill in any gaps, read the words, either before or while listening to the sound file again. 2. Read First Students who dont feel up to the challenge of listening first might be better off doing just the opposite: Read or skim through the words first to get an idea of what its about, and then listen to the sound file. You can listen while reading, or just listen and then go back to the words to see how much you were able to pick up. 3. Listen and Read This third option is best for students who have a hard time understanding spoken French. Open up the words in a new window, and then start the sound file so that you can follow the words as you listen. This will help your brain make the connection between what you are hearing and what it means. This is similar to watching a French movie while reading the English subtitles.   You Decide Which Method Works Best for You The listen first technique is the most challenging. If you feel confident that  your listening skills are strong or youd like to test them, this method will be effective for you. Less advanced students, however, may find that listening first is too difficult and possibly frustrating. Thus, reading the words first will help you connect concept (the meaning) to sounds (the spoken language). If your listening skills are weak, you will probably find it helpful to see the words before or while youre listening.   No matter which method you choose, your goal here is to improve your listening comprehension. Just keep listening and checking the words as many times as it takes until you understand the sound file without looking at the words. With all three techniques, also try speaking the words yourself as you read the words. Why? Because the more senses you engage when youre learning, the deeper the memory pathways youll be etching in your brain and youll learn faster and retain longer. If you do these kinds of exercises regularly, your understanding of spoken French is bound to improve. Improve Your Comprehension of French You might decide that you need to improve in one, or more likely, several areas of French comprehension. Learning a language, after all, is a long process strewn with subtleties, one that even native speakers contend with. Theres always room for improvement. So decide which area you want to focus on and study a little more to refine your French. Do you want to: Improve your comprehension of spoken French, as weve been discussing hereImprove your French pronunciationImprove your French reading comprehensionImprove your French verb conjugationsImprove your French vocabulary

A Kings Duty

â€Å"Queen to D-6.† â€Å"Checkmate!† And I had won my first chess competition. Pride burst into me as I let out a guttural â€Å"Yeah!† I’d hardly practiced, and still won it. I hadn’t been expecting too, but I had. It was my lucky day. Immediately when I came home, I urged my parents to sign me up for some more competitions. I figured I should play in as many competitions as I can before my luck runs out. My parents asked if I wanted to take some lessons, but I declined. I’d won my last competition without much practice, and I probably shouldn’t shake that routine. The queen has always been my favorite piece. It’s versatile, and more importantly, it can get to its goal in one swift, effortless move. That’s why I dislike the King. It’s supposed to be the leader, and yet it’s endearingly slow. I don’t know what the inventors were thinking. I flinched as the bell rung. Thus began the first day of high school. I looked at my schedule and found the way to homeroom. They said the usual things about us having to work harder now that we’re in high school. â€Å"I’ll just do whatever it takes to get to an A,† I thought. Turns out I ended the year with grades that all roamed around the 89.5% range, which was the cut-off for an A. Some grades were a bit lower; some were a bit higher. I dismissed them, thinking I’d just work just a bit harder next semester and get all As. Turns out my grades just kept declining. And I hadn’t done too well in my chess tournaments either. I went into English class one school day feeling depressed about everything. I didn’t know why my luck had made such a bad turn. We were reading Macbeth, by Shakespeare, which was a book about a noble, named Macbeth, who stages a coup d’etat to usurp the throne. At first, Macbeth is a hard working, loyal person. He fights hard and dutifully in his wars and is compensated graciously by King Duncan. Then one day, after a meeting with some witches, Macbeth decides to stage a coup d’etat by killing the king. He does succeed in killing the king in one fell swoop, and does become king, but his mind is completely corrupted and he goes nearly insane. He also doesn’t live for long, as one of the king’s allies later succeeds in avenging Duncan by killing Macbeth. Something struck a chord with me. Macbeth had tried to attain glory through one decisive action of assassinating Duncan. Rather than staying loyal and fighting hard to attain glory, he took the ef fortless way to the throne, the easy road. Then, with a deafening noise, I realized that this was me. I was Macbeth. I was just like him. I always tried to take the effortless way into things, and almost always ended up stooped in failure. I couldn’t depend on luck to help me throughout the way. I needed to make a conscious effort to reach my goal, and to achieve more than my goal. I needed to be the king that slowly but surely arrives at his success.

Eastern Catholic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Eastern Catholic - Essay Example It also has jurisdiction over the churches in Greek. The Eastern Catholic Church in the Middle East uses autocephalous governing body known as the Patriarch of Antioch. This body resides in Damascus, Syria and heads Arab Christians. It also heads in Iraq, Lebanon and other churches in the Middle East. Other patriarchs include: Patriarch of Alexandria, Serbia, Georgia, Jerusalem, Bulgaria and Romania. The early church of Antioch was very diverse and developed into numerous churches. The liturgical setting of the Antioch church mainly came from the St. James Liturgy despite other liturgies developed later. Having jurisdiction in a large area, the Patriarch of Antioch also covered the modern Israel, Jordan, Palestine and certain parts in south Turkey (O’Mahony & Loosely, 2009). Moreover, the Syrian and Aramaic languages dominated before Islam came. Today, the Antioch church has spread into the Persian Empire also known as Iran. It has also spread its branches in India and China. Therefore, the Middle East Antioch church has widened into the south. The Middle East Catholic church can also be analyzed using the various the religious seven dimensions also known as the Ninian Smart. The seven religious dimensions include: rituals, experimental and emotional, narrative or mythic, ethical and legal. Moreover, doctrinal and philosophical, material, social and institutional dimensions also from the religious dimensions of the Catholic Church. These dimensions describe the various aspects in which the Eastern Catholic religion operates. To begin with, rituals refer to the ceremonies used in the Catholic Church that can either be private or public. The rituals represent traditions that should be followed and how sacraments should be celebrated in the Catholic Church. As Churches spread and grew, sacraments were celebrated in line with individual cultures and as they were received or

Ancient art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient art - Essay Example The statues being both Roman replicas represent goddesses. Aphrodite is most probably an amulet; protector of women and marriage in Syria and Egypt, many wedding contracts in the first centuries CE included a small statue as part of dowry. The statue being entirely nude provides the pretext for observation of the female body, the perfect body of a goddess for that matter. She wears only gold bracelets and is about to remove her sandal leaning on a pillar. Holding either an apple or a ball of makeup in her hand she is gracefully leaning to depict the balance and elegance of the goddess Aphrodite and the beauty of her naked body. Being a gift prior to marriage the statue represents the beauty and charm of the female body and might be considered a charm of reproduction for healthy and beautiful babies. Tyche, being the goddess of good fortune and strongly tied to Antioch is the protector of the city. Gracefully sited on a rock with crossed legs and a crown of crenulated towers to represent the city walls she is dressed with a lavish drapery, a symbol of abundance. She is holding a sheaf of corn in her right hand to symbolise wealth and welfare. The sculpture is thought to have been created for the celebration of the city of Antioch besides the river Orontes in the third century BCE.

Globalisation Causes Poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalisation Causes Poverty - Research Paper Example There is a continuous discourse on the fight against poverty of international financial organizations and there are political elements in this debate, as well. Arguments against Poverty caused by Globalization According to Basu (2006) globalization and poverty are two different concepts. Globalization has almost become an indefinable term due to its ubiquity while the world poverty is a reality, the real causes of which are still hidden in large part. Basu (2006) argues that poverty does not come from globalization. Globalization only increases the degree of integration between countries. The policies adopted by governments of these countries causes poverty. Collier and Dollar (2002) supports the view by pointing out that European Union is also a form of globalization, which has not increased incidences of poverty among member countries, rather decreased it. According to Collier and Dollar (2002), it is agreed by economists that governments must eliminate barriers to free trade and o vercome protectionism of the past. The real cause of poverty within the third world countries is above all the overpopulation phenomena (Collier and Dollar, 2002). Collier and Dollar (2002) argues that causation of poverty is the fact that contraceptive devices are denied to the masses in these countries. Rather than holding globalization accountable, funds in these countries should primarily be used to create family planning centers to enable these people to have only maximum two children as is the case in Western countries (Cline, 2010).  According to Cline (2010), barring globalization or resorting to philanthropy cannot solve this problem of poverty in third-world countries. The other phenomenon which has... According to Basu (2006), globalization and poverty are two different concepts. Globalization has almost become an indefinable term due to its ubiquity while the world poverty is a reality, the real causes of which are still hidden in large part. Basu (2006) argues that poverty does not come from globalization. Globalization only increases the degree of integration between countries. The policies adopted by governments of these countries causes poverty. Collier and Dollar (2002) supports the view by pointing out that the European Union is also a form of globalization, which has not increased incidences of poverty among member countries, rather decreased it. According to Collier and Dollar (2002), it is agreed by economists that governments must eliminate barriers to free trade and overcome protectionism of the past. The real cause of poverty within the third world countries is above all the overpopulation phenomena (Collier and Dollar, 2002). Collier and Dollar (2002) argues that causation of poverty is the fact that contraceptive devices are denied to the masses in these countries. Rather than holding globalization accountable, funds in these countries should primarily be used to create family planning centers to enable these people to have only maximum two children as is the case in Western countries. According to Cline, barring globalization or resorting to philanthropy cannot solve this problem of poverty in third-world countries. The other phenomenon which has increased with the globalization is world population.

Cost Effectiveness of Dialysis for ESRD Patients

Cost Effectiveness of Dialysis for ESRD Patients From 2002-2009 diabetic nephropathies represented 41% of all end-stage renal (ESRD) patients in St. Lucia, which is significantly higher when compared with global distribution. Renal replacement therapy for ESRD is resource intensive, consuming a significant part of the health budget. Financial pressures on the health system continue to increase in the face of the global financial crisis, yet cost-effectiveness studies of ESRD treatment options are not only scarce but nonexistent in the Eastern Caribbean. A retrospective approach to data collection was used and a Markov model of cost, quality of life and survival will be developed to compare hemodialysis and pharmaceutical management of ESRD among diabetics. Micro-costing was used to assess the cost of hemodialysis for ESRD over the 8 year period. While preliminary findings have not identified whether or not hemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy is cost-effective the economic burden of hemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy was signif icant: EC$6.9 million, in St. Lucia for the 8 year period. Pre-emptive procedures need to be considered for the treatment of diabetes to delay onset or progression of ESRD. From a medical as well as fiscal perspective, prevention is the most cost-effective intervention. The health system in St. Lucia needs to focus attention on effective prevention strategies as the mean age among diabetic ESRD patients is 56 years (2.3SD). This age group is representative of a significant part of the countrys labour force and, if left unchecked, could have serious implications for economic development. Introduction End-stage renal disease (ESRD) and its precursor, chronic kidney disease (CKD), are globally emerging as a significant public health problem, with increasing morbidity and mortality as well as economic implications for healthcare (Szucsa et al., 2004). The World Health Organizations 2002 estimate indicated that globally CKD contributes to over 850,000 deaths and over 15 million disability-adjusted life years, with epidemic rise of ESRD in multiple regions in the world (WHO, 2003). The report also predicted that by 2010 more than 2 million people would require maintenance dialysis worldwide, and global estimates indicate that approximately 30% of patients with ESRD suffer as a consequence of diabetic nephropathy (Zelmer, 2007). The economic pressures of ESRD treatment on the collective health system are well documented. Haller, et al. (2011) identifies it as resource intensive, requiring substantial amounts of finite healthcare funds to treat a small percentage of the population. In 2005 alone, care for ESRD patients in Canada represented 1.2% of all healthcare expenditure, despite a 0.092% incidence of the disease (Zelmer, 2007). In St. Lucia, chronic renal insufficiency as a result of diabetes, hypertension, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and sickle cell disease are the main reasons for starting dialysis treatment in patients with kidney function failure. This is similar to the findings of Perovià ¡ and Jankovià ¡ (2009). In addition to being a chronic disease with significant morbidity impact, ESRD also involves high-cost treatment options (Zelmer, 2007), which are often limited in developing countries such as St. Lucia. Yet cost-effectiveness studies of the modalities of treatment are few and limited, especially in developing countries (Haller, 2011). Previous research has been conducted to identify the economic impact of the estimated health-care costs for ESRD, as well as the cost-effectiveness of various alternatives for renal replacement therapies; however, similar studies have not been replicated in the Eastern Caribbean. The findings are especially relevant to the health system in St. Lucia, as the incidence of diabetes continues to increase in the Caribbean Region (Henry, 2004). Additionally, the recent decision to expand the dialysis service to two new facilities without understanding the scope and magnitude of the total economic burden of ESRD could prove to be challenging. Cost-effectiveness is the fastest growing field in health research and it embodies a form of full economic evaluation that looks at cost and consequence of health programmes or treatment (Muennig, 2008). Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of intervention programmes as a valuable tool employed by decision-makers can be used to appraise as well as possibly improve how the health system operates. Its application allows policy makers to identify which interventions provide the highest value for money and assist in helping to select interventions and programmes that maximize health for the available resources. Health economists are able to purchase the most health under a fixed budget, prioritizing services within the health sector. CEA therefore requires information to indicate the extent to which current and potential interventions are effective for improving population health, and which resources are required to implement the interventions, i.e., costs (Muennig, 2008). Referring to Palmers 2005 definition that states cost-effectiveness studies compare costs with clinical outcomes measured in natural units, like life expectancy or years of diseases avoided, Glassock (2010) noted that the totality of costs may not necessarily be captured. The inclusion of cost means that the design of the study will incorporate cost-unit analysis as a tool to examine the economic impact of dialysis for ESRD patients with diabetes and cost effectiveness to determine the quality adjusted life year (QALYs) or health related quality of life (HRQoL) for that population. The main outcome measure will focus on costs per quality-adjusted life years ($/QALYs), similar to a study conducted in Austria (Haller et al., 2011). Glassock (2010) notes that community willingness-to-pay is the threshold value used to determine cost effectiveness. He goes on to note that these values vary globally, and are estimated at  £30,000/QALY in the United Kingdom, 40,000/QALY in Europe, Aus $5 0,000/QALY in Australia, and US $90,000/QALY in the United States (Glassock, 2010). In the absence of a national threshold value, one can be established using GDP as an objective economic benchmark, (Eichler, et al., 2004). Cost will be viewed from the perspective of direct spending on health care for dialysis, coupled with the indirect costs of productivity losses due to premature death and short- and long-term disability. The impact of mortality costs as the sum of the discounted present value of current and future productivity losses from premature deaths will be measured from an incident-based human capital approach, drawing from a similar study conducted in Canada in 2000 (Zelmer, 2007). Muennig (2008) posits that because it is often difficult to account for all cost, and the time and resource constraints associated with micro-costing, certain assumptions related to costs are often made during cost-effectiveness analysis. This paper serves to examine the cost-effectiveness of hemodialysis among type 2 diabetics in St. Lucia over an 8 year period (2002-2008). Employing the use of CEA, it aims at comparing the cost and effects or outcomes (cost-effectiveness) of hemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy using the comparator of doing nothing, which in this case is the pharmaceutical management of patients with diabetic nephropathy to delay progression of ESRD. The findings will also help to inform those making policy decisions, and may be useful in establishing a set of priorities for further research, prevention programs, and in the planning of alternative treatments to help alleviate that burden. Perspective of the Study Cost effectiveness of dialysis for ESRD patients with diabetes in St. Lucia will be analyzed from a government perspective. This requires conducting cost analysis that measures the recurring direct and indirect cost of providing the service. In the region, specifically in the country under study, health care organizations rarely know the cost of the service provided and rarely employ the tools needed to assess that cost on a regular basis. In a globally operating economic society, economic trends have made it imperative for both profit and non-profit organizations that provide services, including government agencies, to assess the cost of clinical services provided. Finance for health is not infinite and with substantial budget cuts in the health service industry, there is increasing pressure for health care facilities to become more accountable and efficient with the funds allocated to health care (Basch, 1999). Health economics recognises the need for health services to be provided in a manner that is not only efficient but sustainable. Measuring, understanding and documenting the cost of services makes it easier to improve cost-efficiency of these services; it also highlights the funding needs of the sector and by extension, the government. It also provides an opportunity to establish fees for clients that are based on realistic site costs. Previous studies on cost-effectiveness of treatment options for ESRD have compared different modalities of dialysis or transplantation (Haller et al.; Gonzalez-Perez et al., 2005, Yang et al., 2001). Treatment modalities for ESRD patients in St. Lucia are either hemodialysis or pharmaceutical management. The analysis of hemodialysis versus pharmaceutical management to delay ESRD progression hinges on the fact that the current capacity of the Renal Unit in St. Lucia cannot provide dialysis for all ESRD patients. In an interview dated December 14, 2010 with the head of the Nephrology Unit, Victoria Hospital, Saint Lucia, it was indicated that while dialysis is offered, the increasing ESRD population means that patients are placed on a waiting list if they are not able to commence treatment due to unavailability of space (Olivert Dupree, 2010). If a patients prognosis requires immediate dialysis, he is treated at the private facility and the government absorbs that cost. But it is quit e clear that hemodialysis, like pharmaceutical management, is not the optimal treatment option for ESRD; rather, the optimal protocol is transplantation. The health system in St. Lucia is mandated by its objectives to improve the health of the population and consequently needs to ensure that its limited resources are not devoted to expensive interventions with small effects on population health, while at the same time low cost interventions with potentially greater benefits are not fully implemented (Ministry of Health, Human Services, Family Affairs and Gender Relations, 2000). Methods Data Sources The study population comprises of ESRD patients with diabetic nephropathy. Patients were considered depending on whether they received hemodialysis or whether their diabetes was being pharmaceutically managed to delay ESRD progression. Data was collected retrospectively and the study population was selected from the only public Renal Unit which forms part of the general hospital, Victoria Hospital. While there is another Renal Unit in St. Lucia that offers dialysis, it is a part of the private hospital, which did not wish to participate in this study. Of the 111 patients on dialysis, 45 were due to diabetic nephropathy and 19 were actively receiving dialysis at the time the study was being conducted. The nephrologists identified 12 ESRD patients who were not receiving dialysis but were being managed pharmaceutically. All diabetics who are or have been on dialysis with end-stage renal disease for the period 2002-2009 and were receiving dialysis due to diabetic nephropathy were included in the study. Persons were excluded from this study if they were on dialysis prior to being diagnosed with diabetes. The comparator group differed from the hemodialysis group only in the form of treatment that they are receiving, and consisted of all patients with ESRD due to diabetic nephropathy who are not receiving dialysis but whose diabetes is aggressively managed with medication to delay ESRD progression. Other variables were considered in the study and a standard questionnaire was administered to the study population to obtain data on the socio-economic status of individuals. A pool of eight persons from those who were on dialysis for reasons other than diabetic nephropathy served as a pilot test group for the socio-demographic questionnaire. This group was similar to the study population in terms of gender, education, socio-economic status and geographic location (Table 1). Content analysis was used to evaluate the information obtained from the socio-demographic questionnaire. All study participants received a letter concerning anonymity and confidentiality and informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Ethical approval was obtained from the IRB at St. Georges University and the ethics committee of the Ministry of Health in St. Lucia. A literature review conducted relied upon peer-reviewed economic evaluations of dialysis treatment modalities among diabetic patients. Ebscohost and PubMed were searched using the keywords cost-effectiveness, dialysis, end-stage renal disease, and diabetic nephropathy and was limited to articles published in the last 12 years (2000-2011). Some articles, if they were published outside of the selected timeframe, were accepted based on the strength and relevance of their findings. Articles were included if they had the keywords in the subject headings as well as focusing on Renal Replacement Therapy/economics, Renal Dialysis/economics, Hemodialysis Units, or Kidney Failure. If they included the term peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis they were also selected. Exclusion criteria comprised of non-English articles and those that did not compare treatment options. A total of 379 articles were identified but 31 were selected as being relevant. Models Used Chronic conditions such as ESRD require continuous treatment and as a consequence, the cost-effectiveness of treatment options over a period of time for a cohort of patients employs the use of the Markov model to investigate long term costs and outcomes. The Markov model developed for this study describes the process of care noting that patients began their progression through the model in either of two states, hospital hemodialysis or pharmaceutical management of type 2 diabetes to delay ESRD progression, with death signifying the end of the cycle. Data on health care costs, transition to other health states and quality of life were inputted into the Markov model. Data was obtained from the Renal Unit at the Victoria Hospital, the public health facility. Data on quality of life was obtained using the 15D, a multidimensional, standardised generic instrument to measure quality or health-related quality of life (Sintonen, 2001). The 15D was used since it combines the advantages of a profile and single index score measure that describes the health status by assessing 15 dimensions. The mean score value for each dimension was used to determine the health related quality of life in the study population. The use of the 15D to measure quality of life outcome was reported in terms of QALYs, a measure of the burden of disease that included the quality and quantity of life lived against a monetary value, medical treatment or intervention. The mean score value for each dimension measured by the 15D was used to determine the health-related quality of life of the study population using the scale provided by Sintonen (2001). The findings were standardized against the burden of disease markers identified by the WHO. Costs and Analysis Cost-effectiveness, examined from a governmental perspective, used the clinical records of the Division of Nephrology patient registration and billing systems at the Victoria Hospital coupled with information from published studies on survival and quality of life among diabetic nephropathy patients. The model used included the direct health service costs associated with the treatment options, and an annual cost per patient was calculated for each health state in the model. Direct healthcare costs associated with dialysis use included costing regular dialysis sessions, complications of the dialysis, such as clotting of the fistula or hypotension episodes, laboratory tests and services required as a consequence of dialysis and medication use as a result of treatment. Assumptions were made on the regularity of direct healthcare cost associated with dialysis, such as that involving laboratory testing and blood transfusions. Micro-costing, collecting data on staffing, consumables, capital , and overheads were used to determine the cost of one session of hemodialysis (Table 2). Structured interviews were used to obtain details regarding staff time allocated to dialysis activities, as well as the regularity of other services used as a result of the treatment options. Capital items were identified as the building space allotted to the Unit for treatment, and equipment such as the dialysis machines and air conditioner unit. Costs have been reported in Eastern Caribbean Dollars (EC) presented at the 2008 level and an equivalent annual cost calculated using a 3 percent discount rate over the predicted life span. Muennig (2008) argues that a governmental perspective can include some aspects of transportantion costs. Evidence from the Minstry of Communication and Works and the Transport Board implies that there is no nationally agreed-upon policy for transport costs. There are variations across St. Lucia in terms of mileage costing; therefore for the purposes of our analysis, transport costs are excluded. The study reviewed costs over an 8 year period (2002-2009). This time frame was partly determined by the availability of the data two years after the programme was initiated and the assumptions made with reference to the analysis were tabulated (Table 3). Incremental costs per QALY gained will be calculated by using the estimates of costs and QALYs for each of the two modalities obtained from the model, and the findings were presented as incremental costs per QALY ($/QALY). The threshold value used to determine cost effectiveness of the intervention was established based on the recommendations of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, and CHOICE, which uses gross domestic product (GDP) as an indicator to determine cost-effectiveness. They established that an intervention was highly cost-effective if cost per QALY was less than GDP per capita, it was cost-effective if it was between 1 and 3 times the GDP per capita but was not cost-effective if it was more than 3 times GDP per c apita (WHO, 2011). A one-way sensitivity analysis will be used to investigate variability in the data, varying the discount rate from 3% to 5%, then age weights and finally, the disability weights. A final sensitivity analysis of mortality rates will be conducted since the assumption was that the mortality rates for hemodialysis were the same as those of pharmaceutical management of ESRD diabetics. Based on that assumption it becomes important to identify whether any one of these factors, discounted rates, age weights, and disability weights independently affected the data. Multiple linear regressions will be used to identify how the variables and assumptions affected dialysis lifetime. Preliminary Findings Demographic Characteristics The socio-demographic characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 4. According to the modalities compared the mean ages were 52 years (SD 10.06) for hemodialysis patients and 42 years (10.34SD) for patients who were being pharmaceutically managed. Briefly 62% of the patients were male (Figure 1), 40% had completed only primary level education and 20% had received no formal education. Married patients made up 46.7% of the study group and 26.7% were currently employed; but of these patients 80% of them received some form of family support or National Insurance Corporation (NIC) compensation. There was little variation between the groups (hemodialysis and pharmaceutically managed) in terms of employment and education. ESRD, as a consequence of diabetic nephropathy, represents 41% of all patients who have received hemodialysis for the period 2002-2009 (Figure 2). The end of that 8 year period mortality rate among that population is 53% with the average age of death at 57 years and average dialysis lifetime of 3 years. Costs A list of the parameters used to determine cost is presented in Table 2 and total yearly cost for the period is presented in Table 3. The total cost of dialysis for diabetic nephropathy was EC$6.9 million. From a governmental perspective, in 2009 the total cost of dialysis for diabetic nephropathy patients with ESRD totalled EC $1,002,597.23, accounting for approximately 2.27% of all healthcare expenditure for 0.01% of the population. Secondary and tertiary care services accounted for 59% of the total health budget for 2001-2002, 60% for 2002 -2003 and 64% for 2003-2004. Primary care services accounted for 22% in 2001-2002, 22% 2002-2003 and 18% for 2003-2004 (Figure 3). Discussion This is the first study of its kind in the region. It is able to serve as a precursor to further research and therefore is poised to help guide policies on how cost-effectiveness studies are done in the region. Additionally, there will be future application to decision-making in healthcare. While the absence of other studies that compared the treatment modalities used in this study serves as a limitation to this paper, it remains the only viable comparator that was available to the researcher, and being the first of its kind allows it to inform the existing research. The preliminary findings of this paper have significant implications for health and the operations of the dialysis unit. The literature from other studies (Haller et al, 2011; Zelmer, 2007) indicates that the average lifetime on dialysis is 7-10 years, with survial rates lower among senior adults, aged older than 65 years. The inverse seems to be suggested by the preliminary findings, with an average lifetime of 3 years in patients less than 57 years. The deviation may be attributable to younger persons being less compliant with regular dialysis sessions and the strict dietary and lifestlye adjustments that dialysis requires. Further research would need to be conducted to validate these findings. The economic burden of ESRD for diabetic nephropathy is significant: EC$6.9 million, in St. Lucia for the 8 year period (Table 2). While the focus of this study is on the cost-effectiveness of dialysis, the data identified that health services accounted for most of the observed costs. The governmental perspective of the research restricts the papers ability to adequately address the diabetic nephropathy related morbidity and premature mortality among the study population and the substantial burden that it places on society. The early indicators suggest a need for the effectiveness of the programme to be examined against its objectives and how its outcomes compare with other units within the region or the privately operated unit in St. Lucia. In 2006 Government health expenditure per person per year was EC$499.50 (Ministry of Health, Human Services, Family Affairs and Gender Relations, St. Lucia). Yet for that corresponding period, government spending for dialysis per person per year was EC$48,597.81 (Figure 5), for 0.0014% of the population. St. Lucias GDP for that period is estimated as $6,037.00 PPP (EC$16,299.90) and total expenditure on health is estimated as 6.3% of GPD (Table 5). While cost-effectiveness has not been conclusively established, using the threshold value of GDP as an economic estimate to determine cost-effectiveness, a cost-effective programme is one that is between 1 and 3 times the GDP per capita (WHO, 2011). The National Strategic Health Plan 2006-2011 (2006) posits that the Ministry of Healths actions have not been consistent with its declaration of a commitment to Primary Health Care (PHC) as part of its strategy for National Health development. Health spending continues to increase in the areas of secondary and tertiary care and less of the health budget is spent on primary care. The expansion of hemodialysis to meet the growing ESRD population, and an increased incidence of diabetic nephropathy in St. Lucia has implications for the findings of this study. It is important that focus is directed at primary and secondary interventions aimed at reducing cost of diabetic care and consequently complications from diabetes, such as diabetic nephropathy. Primary interventions are the most cost-effective and as such health promotions to reduce risk of developing diabetes, a risk factor for ESRD, needs to become part of the mandate of the Ministry of Health. A policy on chronic diseases develop ed within the primary healthcare plan that currently exists would help guide that focus. The study was limited by the accuracy and quality of the data, which Basch (1999) argues is a recurring problem in developing countries. There are limitations and difficulties in any attempt to calculate the mean cost of a dialysis session, especially in public facilities where cost is subsidized, as every facet of care and cost associated with the session must be taken into consideration. Consequently, assumptions were made on cost for direct and indirect services related to treatment options compared in this study. Assumptions are justified as this is a non-funded research with time constraints and a need to reduce cost drivers. The study was also limited in its perspective as it could not present on national costs from a societal perspective such as the patients ability to work or opportunity costs. Costs from the private facility could not be used as they did not wish to participate in this study. The inability to capture their costs is relevant as they are used by the government to provide dialysis for ESRD patients whose prognosis prevents them from being placed on a waiting list; this cost is incurred by the government. A patient who commenced dialysis at the private facility and transferred to the Renal Unit at the government facility is not distinguished in the patient register. The strength of the research lies in the use of triangulation to gather and analyse data to ascertain their common conclusion, effectiveness based on costs, and QALYs. Decrop (1999) concurs that one of the main ways to avoid the contentious issue of validity and reliability is the use of triangulation. Triangulation involves the use of multiple data sources in the investigation of a research question for justification or clarification, which in this case involved utilizing primary and secondary data, as well as information from the attending physician. Denzin (1978) also claims that triangulation limits personal and methodological bias as well as enhances the studys generalizability. The use of the Markov model is an inherent strength of the study. Gonzalez-Perez, et al. (2005) argue that the models ability to prognosticate relative effectiveness and cost overtime makes it appropriate for modelling chronic treatment options such as Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT). Cost-effectiveness to determine QALYs as well as the use of a standardized instrument to measure QALY also strengthens the findings of the research. The 15D is recognised as generally being a small measurement burden to both respondents and researchers. As an evaluation tool it is highly reliable due to its repeatability of measurements with minimized random error. The results generated are valid because of the degree of confidence that researchers can place in the inferences that are drawn from the scores. Sintonen (2001) posits that as an instrument to measure cost-effectiveness, it is particularly suitable for calculating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). While the majority of cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment modalities for diabetic nephropathy focuses on the disease at its latent or progressed stage, Glassock (2010) noted that a study by Gearde et al. (2008) identified that early detection of diabetic nephropathy and intensive pharmaceutical interventions are not only cost effective but significantly reduces the risk of ESRD among type 2 diabetics. These findings are replicated in two studies by Keane and Lyle (2003) and Szucs, et al. (2004) who found that Losartan reduced the incidence of ESRD among diabetics. They went on to argue that proteinuria, which is the single most powerful predictor of CKD in type 2 diabetes, is a simple and inexpensive screening test, and early detection can lead to the early administration of drugs that have been proven to reduce ESRD incidence. Mann, et al. (2010) argue caution against population based screening for CKD, and advocate that screening, as a secondary intervention, should focus on at-risk populations. Their study concluded that targeted screening of people with diabetes is associated with an acceptable cost per QALY in publicly funded healthcare systems. Such an approach can be adopted in the health system in St. Lucia. Cost-effectiveness analysis is able to provide valuable insight to prioritizing within healthcare and so the findings of this research will be able to provide evidence to support efficiency in the use of limited resources. Policy-makers would be able to use these findings to review the decision to expand the number of hemodialysis centres in St. Lucia. Further research to identify more cost-effective treatment options would be the first step to improving efficiency of resource allocation. The preliminary findings have not identified whether or not hemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy is cost-effective. The domination of hemodialysis as a treatment modality for ESRD, despite the plethora of studies that have identified it as the least cost-effective of RRTs (Haller, et al., 2011; Just, et al., 2008, Kontodimopoulos Niakas, 2008), provides the health sector with the evidence needed to revise treatment protocols and an opportunity to improve cost-effectiveness of ESRD treatment. This can be achieved by reducing the use of hemodialysis and introducing as an alternative peritoneal dialysis, which has been cited as being the most effective of dialysis options. Just, et al. (2008) caution that the economics of dialysis in the developing world, where labour may be cheaper than the importation of equipment and solutions, may lead to the perception that peritoneal dialysis is more expensive than hemodialysis. They go on to note that this is not conclusive as there is a dearth in economic evaluations in developing countries to substantiate that view. As an alternative, a well developed CKD Care Program is able to significantly reduce the probability of developing ESRD among at risk populations, as well as significantly lower healthcare costs among ESRD patients (Wei et al., 2010). There is a need to expand the services offered by the Renal Unit as well as its coverage to help achieve that end. Conclusion of Preliminary Findings Despite a declared commitment to Primary Health Care (PHC) as a strategy for National Health development, the Ministry of Healths actions have not been consistent with its declaration. Secondary and tertiary care service is posing a great financial burden on the health system, as purported by the preliminary findings of this paper. Evident in the resource allocations for health in St. Lucia, Primary Care Services are allocated a decreasing or stagnant proportion of the health budget, considered against a decreasing allocation of total public expenditure to health. A sustainable health system needs to maximize the use of health resources, creating a more efficient health system that is capable of providing quality health services in a cost-effective manner in order to maximize population coverage. Primary health care needs to become the thrust used to promote efficiency in health as it is recognized as the most cost-effective of interventions. References Basch, P. (1999). Textbook of International Health